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Counter Strike Source Final Cheat Codes

Cheat Codes
Cheat mode
Press ~ during game play to display the console window. Then, type sv_cheats 1 to enable cheat mode. Then, enter one of the following codes to activate the corresponding cheat function.
Effect Code
God mode god
Ignored by AI notarget
Spawn indicated item give
Ammunition for weapons impuse 101
Skulls fall from sky impulse 99
No clipping mode noclip
Toggle bot AI bot_stop <0 or 1>
Allow bot to join game for indicated team bot_add_ct or bot_add_t
Kill all bots bot_kill
Toggle bot using pistols only bot_pistols_only <0 or 1>
Toggle bot using snipers only bot_snipers_only <0 or 1>
Bot automatically follows you if you do not give them orders bot_auto_follow
Bots will not do mission objectives and will expect humans to do it bot_defer_to_human 1
Kick all bots from game and leaves humans to play bot_kick
Bots use only knives bot_knives_only
Bots have a prefix in their name bot_prefix
See where bot is going bot_show_nav
Weapon hits nearest enemy sv_clienttrace 99999999999
Change skin settings
Third person view thirdperson
Spawn props props!
Change C4 detonation time mp_c4timer
Larger crosshairs cl_crosshairscale 50000
Stable crosshairs cl_dynamiccrosshair 0
Set game speed; 1.0 is default1 host_timescale <0.1-2.0>
Set movement speed; 320 is default1 sv_maxspeed
1. Must create your own server with cheats enabled.
, , and
Beta version: Cheat mode
Go to "Options", then "Keyboard", then "Advanced". Check the "Developers Console" option. Press ~ during game play to display the console window. Then, enter one of the following codes to activate the corresponding cheat function.
Effect Code
$16,000 impulse 101
Set gravity sv_gravity
Shadows r_shadowids 1
Free bomb, as terrorist buy c4
, , and
Imortality
Type /bind p "chooseteam;menuselect 6;menuselect <1 or 2>;menuselect 2" at the console window in v1.1 or greater. Note: Enter "1" for the terrorists or "2" for the counterterrorist sides. After dying, press P.
Easy headshots
Type bind "mouse1;click" "mouse;click2" "s" shoot;kill at the console window. You will auto headshot almost every time. If you do not auto headshot, simply click again.
Third person view
Load the game and click "Create New Server". Choose a random map and spectate when you join. Display the console window, then enter sv_cheats 1 to enable cheat mode. Enter bot_stop as a code at the console window and join. Enter thirdperson as a code at the console window to turn on third person view. Leave the bot server and join a server of your choice.
Weapon names
Use one of the following entries with the give code to spawn the indicated weapon. Note: They must be activated while there is nothing in your hand.
and
Weapon Code
M249 (heavy machine gun) weapon_m249
TMP (silenced SMG) weapon_tmp
M4A1 (silenced rifle) weapon_m4a1
Desert Eagle (Night Hawk) weapon_deagle
HE grenade (high explosive) weapon_hegrenade
AWP (magnum sniper rifle) weapon_awp
P90 (gun with 50 bullets per clip) weapon_p90
Scout (weakest sniper rifle) weapon_scout
Glock (terrorist default pistol) weapon_glock
AK47 (terrorist default rifle) weapon_ak47
Bullpup rifle weapon_aug
Magnum sniper rifle weapon_awp
Counter-terrorist pistol weapon_elite
Clarion 5.56 weapon_famas
Weakest pistol weapon_fiveseven
Flashbang grenade weapon_flashbang
D3AU weapon_g3sg1
IDF Defender weapon_galil
Terrorist pistol weapon_glock18
HE grenade weapon_fraggrenade
Pump shotgun weapon_m3super90
Weak SMG weapon_mac10
SMG weapon_mp5
13 round pistol weapon_p228
Weak sniper rifle weapon_scout
Krieg 550 weapon_sg550
Krieg 552 weapon_sg552
Unlockables
Steam achievements
Complete the following tasks to unlock the corresponding achievement. To view your achievements and stats in Steam, select "Community", then "My profile", then "View all my games", then the game and view stats.
.40 Dual Elites Expert: Kill 100 enemy players with the .40 dual elites.
1,000,000 Damage: Inflict 1,000,000 total points of damage to enemy players.
10 Wins: Win 10 Rounds.
100 Hostages Rescued: Rescue 100 hostages.
2,500 Damage: Inflict 2,500 total points of damage to enemy players.
200 Wins: Win 200 Rounds.
228 Compact Expert: Kill 200 enemy players with the 228 Compact.
25 Kills: Kill 25 Enemies.
50,000 Damage: Inflict 50,000 total points of damage to enemy players.
500 Hostages Rescued: Rescue 500 hostages.
500 Kills: Kill 500 Enemies.
5000 Wins: Win 5000 Rounds.
9x19 Sidearm Expert: Kill 200 enemy players with the 9x19 Sidearm.
A Shot In The Dark: Kill an enemy player while you are blinded from a flashbang.
A-bomb-inable: Kill 5 players in a C4 blast.
Aerial Combat: Kill an airborne enemy while you are also airborne.
Always Prepared: Defuse a bomb with a kit when it would have failed without one.
Ammo Conservation: Kill two enemy players with a single bullet.
Assault Map Veteran: Win 100 rounds on the CS_Assault map.
Aztec Map Veteran: Win 100 rounds on the DE_Aztec map.
Black Sheep: Kill an enemy player with a knife during the pistol round.
Bloodless Victory: Win a round without your team killing any enemy players.
Boom! Headshot!: Kill 250 enemy players with headshots.
Brutalization: Kill an enemy player 4 additional times while you are dominating them.
Bulletproof: Survive damage from 5 different players within a round.
Bullpup Expert: Kill 500 enemy players with the Bullpup.
Can't Keep a Good Man Down: Kill a total of 20 enemy players that are dominating you.
Chateau Map Veteran: Win 100 rounds on the DE_Chateau map.
Clarion 5.56 Expert: Kill 500 enemy players with the Clarion 5.56.
Close Call: Successfully defuse a bomb with less than one second remaining.
Cobblestone Map Veteran: Win 100 rounds on the DE_Cbble map.
Compound Map Veteran: Win 100 rounds on the CS_Compound map.
CV-47 Expert: Kill 1,000 enemy players with the CV-47.
D3/AU-1 Expert: Kill 500 enemy players with the D3/AU-1.
Death From Above: Kill an enemy player while you are airborne.
Defuse This!: Kill the defuser with an HE Grenade.
Destruction Averted: Defuse 100 bombs.
Divide and Conquer: Blind an enemy player who then kills a teammate.
Domination: Dominate an enemy player.
Dress Code: Start a round with all players on your team wearing the same uniform (at least 5 players).
Dual Duel: Use Dual Elites to kill an enemy player that also has Dual Elites equipped.
Dust Map Veteran: Win 100 rounds on the DE_Dust map.
Dust2 Map Veteran: Win 100 rounds on the DE_Dust2 map.
Earn $125,000: Earn $125,000 total cash.
Earn $2,500,000: Earn $2,500,000 total cash.
Earn $50,000,000: Earn $50,000,000 total cash.
ES C90 Expert: Kill 1,000 enemy players with the es c90.
ES Five-Seven Expert: Kill 100 enemy players with the es five-seven.
Fight Fire with Fire: Kill a zoomed in enemy sniper with a sniper rifle of your own.
Fire In The Hole!: Kill 3 enemy players with a single he grenade.
Fireproof: Take 80 points of damage from enemy grenades and still survive the round.
Flawless Victory: Kill the entire opposing team without any members of your team taking any damage.
For Great Justice: Win a round by defusing a bomb.
Friendly Firearms: Kill 100 enemy players with enemy weapons.
From Matilda: Kill an enemy with a grenade after you've died.
Frugal: Win 10 rounds without dying and not spending any cash.
Good Samaritan: Rescue all hostages in a single round.
Happy Camper: Get two kills standing in the same spot with a zoomed sniper rifle.
Hat Trick: Dominate three enemy players simultaneously.
Havana Map Veteran: Win 100 rounds on the CS_Havana map.
HE Grenade Expert: Kill 500 enemy players with the he grenade.
Hip Shot: Kill an enemy with an un-zoomed sniper rifle.
Homicidal Handoff: Win a round by picking up the bomb from a fallen comrade and successfully planting it.
I Am The Law: Kill 5 enemy players with headshots in a single round.
I Believe You Dropped This: KIll an enemy player with a gun he dropped that round.
I Will Avenge You: Kill an enemy player in the same round as they kill a player on your friends list.
I'll Cut You!: Win a knife fight.
I'm Busy Here!: Stop defusing to kill a terrorist and then successfully finish defusing the bomb.
I'm Not Dead Yet: Kill an enemy while at 1 health.
I've Got Your Bomb Right Here: Kill a terrorist with a grenade while he is planting the bomb..
IDF Defender Expert: Kill 500 enemy players with the idf defender.
Inferno Map Veteran: Win 100 rounds on the DE_Inferno map.
Ingram Mac-10 Expert: Kill 500 enemy players with the ingram mac-10.
Italy Map Veteran: Win 100 rounds on the CS_Italy map.
Jack of All Trades: Get a kill with every weapon.
Killing Spree: Kill 5 enemy players within 15 seconds.
KM Sub-Machine Gun Expert: Kill 1,000 enemy players with the km sub-machine gun.
KM Tactical .45 Expert: Kill 200 enemy players with the km tactical .45.
KM UMP45 Expert: Kill 1,000 enemy players with the km ump45.
Krieg 550 Commando Expert: Kill 500 enemy players with the Krieg 550 Commando.
Krieg 552 Expert: Kill 500 enemy players with the Krieg 552.
Last Man Standing: Be the last player alive in a round (with at least 5 players on your team).
Leave That Thing Alone: Kill a CT while he is defusing the bomb.
Leone 12 Gauge Super Expert: Kill 200 enemy players with the leone 12 gauge super.
Leone YG1265 Auto Shotgun Expert: Kill 200 enemy players with the leone yg1265 auto shotgun.
Magnum Sniper Rifle Expert: Kill 1,000 enemy players with the magnum sniper rifle.
Master At Arms: Unlock every weapon kill achievement.
Master of Destruction: Break 15 props in a single round.
Maverick M4A1 Carbine Expert: Kill 1,000 enemy players with the maverick m4a1 carbine.
Militia Map Veteran: Win 100 rounds on the CS_Militia map.
Mr. Bombastic: Plant a bomb within 25 seconds.
Night Hawk .50c Expert: Kill 200 enemy players with the night hawk .50c.
Ninja: Win 100 knife fights.
No Casualties: Kill the entire opposing team without any members of your team dying.
Not A Bullet To Spare: Kill an enemy with the last bullet in your magazine (excluding sniper rifles).
Not on My Watch: Kill an enemy player within 3 seconds of them recovering a dropped bomb.
Nuke Map Veteran: Win 100 rounds on the DE_Nuke map.
Office Map Veteran: Win 100 rounds on the CS_Office map.
On The Way To Destruction: Plant 100 bombs.
Online Interactions Not Rated: Spray 100 decals.
Opportunistic: Kill an enemy player while they are reloading.
Over 9,000!: Kill 10,000 Enemies.
Overkill: Kill an opponent you are already dominating.
Park Ranger: Kill 100 zoomed-in enemy snipers.
Piranesi Map Veteran: Win 100 rounds on the DE_Piranesi map.
Pistol Master: Unlock all 6 Pistol kill achievements.
Port Map Veteran: Win 100 rounds on the DE_Port map.
Prodigy Map Veteran: Win 100 rounds on the DE_Prodigy map.
Pwnage: Dominate a total of 10 enemy players.
Rescue Aborted: Kill an enemy player who is leading the hostages without injuring any hostages.
Revenge: Kill an enemy player that is dominating you.
Rickrolled: Win a round in less than 30 seconds (against at least 5 enemy players).
Rifle Master: Unlock all 10 Rifle kill achievements.
Ruthless: Get 10 kills on enemy players you are already dominating during a single match.
Safety First!: Survive a shot to the head because you had the good sense to wear a helmet.
Sandbar Scrapper: Kill 100 enemy players with the Knife.
Say Hello To My Little Friend: Kill 500 enemy players with the M249.
Schmidt Machine Pistol Expert: Kill 500 enemy players with the schmidt machine pistol.
Schmidt Scout Expert: Kill 1,000 enemy players with the schmidt scout.
Shotgun Master: Unlock both Shotgun kill achievements.
Skeet Shooting: Kill an airborne enemy.
Someone Set Up Us The Bomb: Win a round by planting a bomb.
Speedy Samaritan: Rescue all hostages within 90 seconds.
Spray and Pray: Kill two enemy players while you are blinded from a flashbang.
Spree-Stopper: Kill an enemy player who is on a killing spree.
Stealthy: Win a round while making no footstep noise and killing at least one enemy.
Sub-Machine Gun Master: Unlock all 5 Sub-Machine Gun kill achievements.
Sugar Daddy: Donate 100 weapons to your teammates.
The Cleaner: Kill the entire enemy team (with at least 5 players) in a single round.
The Finisher: Kill an enemy player who has been reduced to less than 5% health by other players.
The Goggles, They Do Nothing!: Do 5,000 damage with nightvision active.
The Immovable Object: Kill an enemy player who has just killed 10 of your teammates in a single round.
The Tenderizer: Do at least 95% damage to an enemy who is then killed by a another player.
The Unstoppable Force: Kill 10 enemy players in a single round.
They Never Saw It Coming: Kill a total of 25 enemy players blinded by flashbangs.
Tides Map Veteran: Win 100 rounds on the DE_Tides map.
Train Map Veteran: Win 100 rounds on the DE_Train map.
Tunnel Vision: Kill a zoomed in enemy sniper with a knife.
Variety Hour: Get kills with 5 different guns in a round.
Warlord: Get a total of 100 kills on enemy players you are dominating.
We Are Legion: Start a round on the same team as 4 of your friends, with all of you wearing the same outfit.
Wild Gooseman Chase: As the last living terrorist, distract a defuser long enough for the bomb to explode.
Win 25 Pistol Rounds: Win 25 pistol rounds.
Win 250 Pistol Rounds: Win 250 pistol rounds.
Win 5 Pistol Rounds: Win 5 pistol rounds.
Window Vandal: Shoot out 14 windows in a single round on cs_office.
Hints
AK47 and M4A1 accuracy
These rifles are almost completely useless when you fire while moving. While strafing left or right, quickly press the opposite direction and fire. The first bullet of the AK47 and first two bullets of the M4A1 always hits the crosshair. Always try to aim for the head.
Grenades
• Use the following trick to avoid being caught defenseless after throwing a grenade. Press Q just after releasing a grenade. You will flick out your gun immediately after throwing the grenade. Note: This requires some practice.
• To get the maximum range on a grenade, run forwards in the direction you are throwing it.
First round advantage
On the first round it is advisable to buy Kevlar (body armor), as it takes in around 15% of damage done by pistols (which are only used in the starting rounds).
Surprise defense
If your enemy attacks in surprise from an angle you cannot see, it is always best to jump as your opponent will not expect that.
Cabinet blockade
• In the storage room directly outside the projector room with the hostages, go to the corner. There is a door and three cabinets. You should be standing on the opposite side of the door, looking at the three cabinets. Look at the floor. The three cabinets will cast a shadow (if you have shadows on). Place a grenade directly on this corner and back out of the room. If placed correctly, when you re-enter the room the three cabinets will be stacked horizontally, forming a blocked doorway. The enemy can easily shoot the top cabinet off -- defense is still required.
• Another blockade can be formed in the terrorist spawn room (the one that has the desks on looking the hostages and couches). You can climb the desks, but there is also a small walkway with two doors to the left of the desk. You will see three small cabinets and a large cabinet next to the door. To the right of the large cabinet is a trash can. Be careful not to bump the trash can. Drop a grenade inside of it, hopefully falling at the correct location. This will force the three small cabinets in front of the doorway. If done perfectly, the large cabinet will be horizontal on top of them. Shoot the horizontal cabinet so that it is directly in the middle of the doorway with the left and right of it overlapping slightly on each side of the door. By doing this, if the large cabinet is shot, it will not fall into the small hallway, and the small cabinets will not fall over simply because the large one is on top of them. No one can jump over this. You can go inside the small hallway and crouch under behind the cabinets looking opposite. The only way the enemies can attack you is from the side you are looking at, and it is a very small opening, allowing you to easily kill them. Beware however; if an enemy throws a grenade at you, you are dead.
Easy wins
Buy the following in order to do it properly: shotgun (any kind), smoke bomb, Kevlar and helmet. You will also need lots of teammates. Play as a terrorist. Command your teammates to follow you. Go directly to the tunnel going to bomb site A. Shoot your opponents immediately. After doing that, have the bomb carrier immediately plant the bomb. After the bomb is planted, throw a smoke bomb into the wooden door. Stand beside the door and make sure you cannot be seen by your opponents. Use your shotgun to shoot opponents that come inside the door.
Strange formation
Enable the wc_create code at the console window. Then, go outside of the de_weedwood map. Look in the distance, and you should see a plot of land with rocks. Go to it. Some of the effects there are very interesting.
Beta version: Getting onto tall boxes without boost
Buy a frag grenade and stand next to the box that you want to get on. Throw the grenade opposite the box from you onto the floor. Jump, press against the box, and you will be boosted very high. If timed correctly you can get yourself on the box at a cost of 40 HP.
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Glitches
More ammunition
Play as a terrorist and on a server where you can pick up weapons with no ammo. When you pick one up when you are terrorist and it has some ammo, keep the gun. Try not to use any ammo/. When the round ends, drop your pistol and keep you main gun (usually an SMG like the MP5/40 or the UMP 77). On the next round you will get your pistol back, but it will be equipped with more ammo. If you check your main gun, you will notice that it to will be equipped with more ammo.

Edge Avoider program for Atmega8 mini

// Project name : Edge Avoider for Atmega8 mini
/ Designed By :Mechanical guys
/*
___________________________________________________
Connection settings of Kit
PWM LED-------------->PB1
RIGHT MOTOR(+)------->PB1
RIGHT MOTOR(-)------->PB2
LEFT MOTOR(-)-------->PB3
LEFT MOTOR(+)-------->PB4
BUZZER--------------->PB0
LDR------------------>PC5
BOOTLOADER Condition Check-----PC2(if 0 bootler section else program execution
section of Flash memory)
RESET----------------->PC6
Crystal Ossilator----PB6 and PB7
left sensor---------->PC0
right sensor--------->PC3
Temprature sensor------>PC1
sound sensor------------>PC2
*********DTMF sensor connection********

DTMF D0---->PC0
DTMF D1---->PC1
DTMF D2---->PC2
DTMF D3---->PC3
VB=Battery Supply
VCC=regulated 5V+
Gnd=ground(0V)
VR1=Contrast of LCD
*/

#include
#include

void wait(float sec, int freq) //wait function to create time delay
{
for(int i=0;i<(int)(46*sec);i++)
_delay_loop_2(0);
}


void main()
{
DDRC=0b0000000; //set PORTC as input port
DDRB=0b00011110; //PB1, PB2, PB3, PB4 as output port
int ls=1, rs=1; // define & initialize ls, rs integer as 1 to
// acquire the left sensor status in ls and right sensor
// status in rs
while(1) // create infinite loop
{
ls=(PINC&0b0000001); //acquire only left sensor status connected at PC0
rs=(PINC&0b0001000); // acquire only right sensor status connected at PC3

if((ls==0b0000000)&(rs==0b0000000)) //check sensor status for both sensor OFF
{
PORTB=0b00001100; //move back
wait(1.5, 12); //keep on moving back for 0.5 sec
PORTB=0b00010000;
wait(0.4, 12); //keep on turning right for 0.5 sec
ls=1; //set sensor status on
rs=8; //set sensor status on
}

if((ls==0b0000001)&(rs==0b0000000)) //check sensor status for left sensor=ON and
// right sensor=OFF
{
PORTB=0b00001100; //move back
wait(1.5, 12); //keep on moving back for 0.5 sec
PORTB=0b00010000; //turn right
wait(0.4, 12); //keep on turning right for 0.5 sec
ls=1; //set sensor status on
rs=8; //set sensor status on
}

if((ls==0b0000000)&(rs==0b0001000)) //check sensor status for left sensor=OFF and
// right sensor=ON
{
PORTB=0b00001100; //move back
wait(1.5, 12); //keep on moving back for 0.5 sec
PORTB=0b00000010; //turn left
wait(0.4, 12); //keep on turning left for 0.5 sec
ls=1; //set sensor status on
rs=8; //set sensor status on
}
if((ls==0b0000001)&(rs==0b0001000)) //check sensor status for both sensor ON
{
PORTB=0b00010010; //move forward
ls=1; //set sensor status on
rs=8; //set sensor status on
}
}
}

program for 8 bit mirco-controller

// Project name : Line follower for Atmega8 mini
// Designed By : mechanical guys
PWM LED-------------->PB1
RIGHT MOTOR(+)------->PB1
RIGHT MOTOR(-)------->PB2
LEFT MOTOR(-)-------->PB3
LEFT MOTOR(+)-------->PB4
BUZZER--------------->PB0
LDR------------------>PC5
BOOTLOADER Condition Check-----PC2(if 0 bootler section else program execution
section of Flash memory)
RESET----------------->PC6
Crystal Ossilator----PB6 and PB7
left sensor---------->PC0
right sensor--------->PC3
Temprature sensor------>PC1
sound sensor------------>PC2
*********DTMF sensor connection********

DTMF D0---->PC0
DTMF D1---->PC1
DTMF D2---->PC2
DTMF D3---->PC3
VB=Battery Supply
VCC=regulated 5V+
Gnd=ground(0V)
VR1=Contrast of LCD
*/


#include
#include

void wait(float sec, int freq) //wait function to create time delay
{
for(int i=0;i<(int)(46*sec);i++)
_delay_loop_2(0);
}


void main()
{
DDRC=0b0000000; //set PORTC as input port
DDRB=0b00011110; //PB1, PB2, PB3, PB4 as output port
int ls=0, rs=0; // define & initialize ls, rs integer as 0 to
// acquire the left sensor status in ls and right sensor
// status in rs
while(1) // create infinite loop
{
ls=(PINC&0b0000001); //acquire only left sensor status connected at PC0
rs=(PINC&0b0001000); // acquire only right sensor status connected at PC3

if((ls==0b0000000)&(rs==0b0000000)) //check sensor status for both sensor OFF
{
PORTB=0b00000000; //stop
ls=0; //set sensor status off
rs=0; //set sensor status off
}

if((ls==0b0000001)&(rs==0b0000000)) //check sensor status for left sensor=ON and
// right sensor=OFF
{

PORTB=0b00010000; //turn right
ls=0; //set sensor status off
rs=0; //set sensor status off
}

if((ls==0b0000000)&(rs==0b0001000)) //check sensor status for left sensor=OFF and
// right sensor=ON
{

PORTB=0b00000010; //turn left
ls=0; //set sensor status off
rs=0; //set sensor status off
}
if((ls==0b0000001)&(rs==0b0001000)) //check sensor status for both sensor ON
{
PORTB=0b00010010; //move forward
ls=0; //set sensor status off
rs=0; //set sensor status off
}
}
}

ALTERNATE FUELS

ALTERNATE FUELS
Alternative fuels, also known as non-conventional or advanced fuels, are any materials or substances that can be used as fuels, other than conventional fuels. Conventional fuels include: fossil fuels (petroleum (oil), coal, propane, and natural gas), and nuclear materials such as uranium.


Some well knew alternative fuels include biodiesel, bioalcohol (methanol, ethanol, and butanol), chemically stored electricity (batteries and fuel cells), [GreenNH3] non fossil, hydrogen, non-fossil methane, non-fossil natural gas, vegetable oil, and other biomass sources.
BENEFITS OF ALTERNATE FUELS
Alternative fuel offers a number of benefits. One of the most distinct advantages is that alternative fuel burns a lot cleaner than normal petroleum oil, potentially up to 90%. Consequently, alternative fuel-powered vehicles experience a great reduction in chemical emissions like carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, sulfur, and other organic compounds, resulting to lesser environmental pollution. But the undying population increase is simply inevitable. As the number of population increases, so does the number of vehicles, leaving the level of fuel emissions to remain high.

Alternative Fuel Types
These days, you can drive a variety of cars and trucks off the dealer showroom floor that use something besides gasoline or diesel fuel for a power source. The pages linked to the list below discuss some of the alternative fuels that are available today. There are no commercially-available hydrogen-powered vehicles (yet!), but vehicles that use all of the other fuels are available in at least part of the United States.

1. Liquefied petroleum gas. (LPG, commonly known as propane)
Propane or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a popular alternative fuel choice for vehicles because there is already an infrastructure of pipelines, processing facilities, and storage for its efficient distribution. LPG produces fewer vehicle emissions than gasoline. Propane is produced as a by-product of natural gas processing and crude oil refining. Propane vehicles can produce fewer ozone-forming emissions than vehicles powered by reformulated gasoline

2. Compressed natural gas (CNG).
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is a fossil fuel substitute for gasoline (petrol), diesel, or propane/LPG. Although its combustion does produce greenhouse gases, it is a more environmentally clean alternative to those fuels, and it is much safer than other fuels in the event of a spill (natural gas is lighter than air, and disperses quickly when released). CNG may also be mixed with biogas, produced from landfills or wastewater, which doesn't increase the concentration of carbon in the atmosphere.

3. Liquefied natural gas (LNG).
. Liquefied petroleum gas (also called LPG, GPL, LP Gas, or auto gas) is a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases used as a fuel in heating appliances and vehicles. It is increasingly used as an aerosol propellant and a refrigerant, replacing chlorofluorocarbons in an effort to reduce damage to the ozone layer

4. Methanol (M85).
Methanol, also known as wood alcohol, can be used as an alternative fuel in flexible fuel vehicles that run on M85 It is not a commonly used fuel at this time as methanol produces a high amount of formaldehyde in emissions. The benefits include lower emissions, higher performance, and lower risk of flammability than gasoline

5. Ethanol (E85).
Ethanol is an alcohol-based alternative fuel produced by fermenting and distilling starch crops or cellulose that have been converted into simple sugars Ethanol is most commonly used to increase octane and improve the emissions quality of gasoline.

6. Biodiesel (B20).
Biodiesel is a domestically produced, renewable fuel that can be manufactured from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant greases. Biodiesel is safe, biodegradable, and reduces serious air pollutants such as particulates, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and air toxics.
Biodiesel can also be used in its pure form but it may require certain engine modifications to avoid maintenance and performance problems and may not be suitable for wintertime use

7. Electricity.
Electricity can be used as a transportation fuel to power battery electric and fuel cell vehicles. When used to power electric vehicles, electricity is stored in an energy storage device such as a battery. EV batteries have a limited storage capacity and their electricity must be replenished by plugging the vehicle into an electrical source. EVs have lower "fuel" and maintenance costs than gasoline-powered vehicle.

8. HYDROGEN

DESCRIPTION
Symbol H. Gaseous hydrogen is 14-times lighter than air, colorless, odorless, tasteless and reactive gaseous element. The atomic number of hydrogen is 1. The element is usually classed in group 1 (or Ia) of the periodic table. In combination with oxygen, hydrogen is water, H2O; in combination with carbon you have hydrocarbons (Fuels).


ORIGIN
To make hydrogen available for use as a fuel, energy is required to separate it from other elements. Solar energy is an ideal energy source for separating hydrogen from other elements. Hydrogen is prepared in the laboratory by the

action of dilute acid on metals, like zinc, and by the electrolysis of water. Large quantities of Hydrogen gas are produced industrially from various fuel gases. Hydrogen is separated from water, gasoline, natural gas, sewage and coal gas either by liquefaction of the other components of the gas or by catalytic conversion

FUEL SOURCE
Hydrogen does not occur free in nature; it can be made by "re-forming" natural gas or another fossil fuel, or by using electricity to split ("electrolyze") water into its components of oxygen and hydrogen.
In this sense, hydrogen is like electricity: the energy to generate it can be obtained from sources ranging from the burning of high-sulfur coal to pollution-free photovoltaic cells (solar cells).

AVAILABILITY
There is not currently a bulk hydrogen distribution infrastructure on anything like the scale of that for fossil fuels, though studies have been undertaken of the possibility of sending it through the existing natural-gas pipeline network (with some substantial modifications).
Because hydrogen can be made from natural gas by re-forming or from water by electrolysis, and natural gas, electricity and water are readily available, it might be simpler to make the hydrogen at the point of sale, rather than ship it there. Hydrogen is currently available only as an industrial or scientific chemical product, not as a bulk fuel.

WORKING OF HYDROGEN FUEL CELL
The hydrogen fuel cell operates similar to a battery. It has two electrodes, an anode and a cathode, separated by a membrane. Oxygen passes over one electrode and hydrogen over the other.
The hydrogen reacts to a catalyst on the electrode anode that converts the hydrogen gas into negatively charged electrons (e-) and positively charged ions (H+).
The electrons flow out of the cell to be used as electrical energy. The hydrogen ions move through the electrolyte membrane to the cathode electrode where they combine with oxygen and the electrons to produce water. Unlike batteries, fuel cells never run out.



FUTURE USE
Fuel cells of internal combustion engines. Using small portions of the global land area, we can manufacture enough Solar-Hydrogen to supply the entire energy requirement of the planet. Solar Hydrogen could make entire nations fuel-independent and pollution free for as long as there is sunshine and water. High altitude aircraft / space planes can be catapulted to supersonic speeds at the edge of Earth’s atmosphere by injecting hydrogen and oxygen into the jet exhaust

Hydrogen Fuel Cell in Car Technology

The quest for a pollution-free energy source has been the goal of the auto industry almost since its beginning. Its pursuit has become graver in recent decades with the environment showing signs of irreversible damage from fossil fuels and the fear that this resource is running out. Fuel cells in one form or another have been in existence for over 160 years and are now the focus of aggressive research and development. Today, fuel cell powered vehicles are projected to go into production for personal use by the end of the decade. Many environmental and economic forces are actively involved in bringing this to fruition. The oil industry, the automobile industry, and other giant corporations have more than a casual interest in seeing the fuel cell become the leading energy source for the future.

How It Works?
A simple fuel cell is composed of two electrodes, an anode and a cathode. These are sandwiched onto a proton exchange membrane (PEM) which permits the transfer of protons from the anode to the cathode.
The reaction occurs when hydrogen is introduced onto the surface of the anode and its protons and electrons separate. The electrons travel along the circuit while the protons unite with oxygen to form water. The byproducts of the electrochemical reaction, water and heat, can be recycled to improve the efficiency of the system. 35% to 90% efficiencies can be achieved depending on whether the waste heat is utilized.

• Hydrogen flows into the fuel cell on the anode side.
• Platinum catalyst facilitates the separation of the hydrogen gas into electrons and protons (hydrogen ions) in a proton exchange membrane or PEM fuel cell.
• Protons travel through the PEM to the cathode, where the catalyst helps the protons bond to oxygen to produce water.
• The electrons, to which the membrane is impermeable, flow through a circuit containing a motor or other device which consumes the power generated by the cell.
• As long as the device is supplied with hydrogen and oxygen, the electrochemical reaction proceeds and the electrical current flows.

RISKS BEHIND IN HYDROGEN FUEL


The gamble of mass-market acceptance rides on allaying concerns of reliability, longevity, availability and cost of fuel. The cost of fuel cell technology needs to be low enough to spur acceptance.
• The infrastructure for the delivery and storage of fuel cell fuels does not currently exist. To create convenient and affordable fueling stations, the public will rely on the oil and gas industries to introduce them.
• For yet unforeseen reasons, fuel cell technology may not be suitable for automotive applications. Hybrid technology is currently gaining popularity and will potentially slow the enthusiasm and requisite research on fuel cell technology.
• Platinum is an important component in the fuel cell electrochemical reaction. It is also a scarce earth resource that could be prone to shortages.

The Physics behind the Hydrogen Fuel Cell


Fuel cells can be looked at as a type of battery which generates but does not store electrical energy. In the common alkaline battery, electricity is created through an electrochemical reaction, whose ingredients are eventually exhausted. In a fuel cell, electricity is created by a different set of reactants, and the two ingredients that cause the reaction, hydrogen and oxygen, can be replenished. The byproducts of the process are pure water and heat. Shuttle astronauts rely on fuel cell technology to power their life-support systems and other critical functions

Fuel Cell - Promise of Renewable and Clean Energy
Only the future will tell whether the use of fuel cell technology will live up to its potential as a clean and viable energy source. Oil companies have a jump start on implementing the technology with an infrastructure similar to that necessary to generate, store, and dispense hydrogen. Auto manufacturers seem to be, at least in the present, jumping on the hybrid vehicle band wagon. Both technologies hold considerable promise.

SHORTCUT KEYS FOR PC

Alt + F File menu options in current program
Alt + E Edit options in current program
F1 Universal help (for all programs)
Ctrl + A Select all text
Ctrl + X Cut selected item
Shift + Del Cut selected item
Ctrl + C Copy selected item
Ctrl + Ins Copy selected item
Ctrl + V Paste
Shift + Ins Paste
Home Go to beginning of current line
Ctrl + Home Go to beginning of document
End Go to end of current line
Ctrl + End Go to end of document
Shift + Home Highlight from current position to beginning of line
Shift + End Highlight from current position to end of line
Ctrl + f Move one word to the left at a time
Ctrl + g Move one word to the right at a time
MICROSOFT® WINDOWS® SHORTCUT KEYS
Alt + Tab Switch between open applications
Alt +
Shift + Tab
Switch backwards between open
applications
Alt + Print
Screen
Create screen shot for current program
Ctrl + Alt + Del Reboot/Windows® task manager
Ctrl + Esc Bring up start menu
Alt + Esc Switch between applications on taskbar
F2 Rename selected icon
F3 Start find from desktop
F4 Open the drive selection when browsing
F5 Refresh contents
Alt + F4 Close current open program
Ctrl + F4 Close window in program
Ctrl + Plus
Key
Automatically adjust widths of all columns
in Windows Explorer
Alt + Enter Open properties window of selected icon
or program
Shift + F10 Simulate right-click on selected item
Shift + Del Delete programs/files permanently
Holding Shift
During Bootup
Boot safe mode or bypass system files
Holding Shift
During Bootup
When putting in an audio CD, will prevent
CD Player from playing
WINKEY SHORTCUTS
WINKEY + D Bring desktop to the top of other windows
WINKEY + M Minimize all windows
WINKEY +
SHIFT + M
Undo the minimize done by WINKEY + M
and WINKEY + D
WINKEY + E Open Microsoft Explorer
WINKEY + Tab Cycle through open programs on taskbar
WINKEY + F Display the Windows® Search/Find feature
WINKEY +
CTRL + F
Display the search for computers window
WINKEY + F1 Display the Microsoft® Windows® help
WINKEY + R Open the run window
WINKEY +
Pause /Break
Open the system properties window
WINKEY + U Open utility manager
WINKEY + L Lock the computer (Windows XP® & later)
OUTLOOK® SHORTCUT KEYS
Alt + S Send the email
Ctrl + C Copy selected text
Ctrl + X Cut selected text
Ctrl + P Open print dialog box
Ctrl + K Complete name/email typed in address bar
Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection
Ctrl + I Italicize highlighted selection
Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection
Ctrl + R Reply to an email
Ctrl + F Forward an email
Ctrl + N Create a new email
Ctrl + Shift + A Create a new appointment to your calendar
Ctrl + Shift + O Open the outbox
Ctrl + Shift + I Open the inbox
Ctrl + Shift + K Add a new task
Ctrl + Shift + C Create a new contact
Ctrl + Shift+ J Create a new journal entry
WORD® SHORTCUT KEYS
Ctrl + A Select all contents of the page
Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection
Ctrl + C Copy selected text
Ctrl + X Cut selected text
Ctrl + N Open new/blank document
Ctrl + O Open options
Ctrl + P Open the print window
Ctrl + F Open find box
Ctrl + I Italicize highlighted selection
Ctrl + K Insert link
Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection
Ctrl + V Paste
Ctrl + Y Redo the last action performed
Ctrl + Z Undo last action
Ctrl + G Find and replace options
Ctrl + H Find and replace options
Ctrl + J Justify paragraph alignment
Ctrl + L Align selected text or line to the left
Ctrl + Q Align selected paragraph to the left
Ctrl + E Align selected text or line to the center
Ctrl + R Align selected text or line to the right
Ctrl + M Indent the paragraph
Ctrl + T Hanging indent
Ctrl + D Font options
Ctrl + Shift + F Change the font
Ctrl + Shift + > Increase selected font +1
Ctrl + ] Increase selected font +1
Ctrl + Shift + < Decrease selected font -1
Ctrl + [ Decrease selected font -1
Ctrl + Shift + * View or hide non printing characters
Ctrl + f Move one word to the left
Ctrl + g Move one word to the right
Ctrl + h Move to beginning of the line or paragraph
Ctrl + i Move to the end of the paragraph
Ctrl + Del Delete word to right of cursor
Ctrl + Backspace Delete word to left of cursor
Ctrl + End Move cursor to end of document
Ctrl + Home Move cursor to beginning of document
Ctrl + Space Reset highlighted text to default font
Ctrl + 1 Single-space lines
Ctrl + 2 Double-space lines
Ctrl + 5 1.5-line spacing
Ctrl + Alt + 1 Change text to heading 1
Ctrl + Alt + 2 Change text to heading 2
Ctrl + Alt + 3 Change text to heading 3
F1 Open help
Shift + F3 Change case of selected text
Shift + Insert Paste
F4 Repeat last action performed (Word 2000+)
F7 Spell check selected text and/or document
Shift + F7 Activate the thesaurus
F12 Save as
Ctrl + S Save
Shift + F12 Save
Alt + Shift + D Insert the current date
Alt + Shift + T Insert the current time
Ctrl + W Close document
EXCEL® SHORTCUT KEYS
F2 Edit the selected cell
F5 Go to a specific cell
F7 Spell check selected text and/or document
F11 Create chart
Ctrl + Shift + ; Enter the current time
Ctrl + ; Enter the current date
Alt + Shift + F1 Insert new worksheet
Shift + F3 Open the Excel® formula window
Shift + F5 Bring up search box
Ctrl + A Select all contents of worksheet
Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection
Ctrl + I Italicize highlighted selection
Ctrl + C Copy selected text
Ctrl + V Paste
Ctrl + D Fill
Ctrl + K Insert link
Ctrl + F Open find and replace options
Ctrl + G Open go-to options
Ctrl + H Open find and replace options
Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection
Ctrl + Y Underline selected text
Ctrl + 5 Strikethrough highlighted selection
Ctrl + O Open options
Ctrl + N Open new document
Ctrl + P Open print dialog box
Ctrl + S Save
Ctrl + Z Undo last action
Ctrl + F9 Minimize current window
Ctrl + F10 Maximize currently selected window
Ctrl + F6 Switch between open workbooks/windows
Ctrl + Page up
& Page Down
Move between Excel® worksheets in the
same document
Ctrl + Tab Move between two or more open Excel® files
Alt + = Create formula to sum all of above cells
Ctrl + ‘ Insert value of above cell into current cell
Ctrl + Shift + ! Format number in comma format
Ctrl + Shift + $ Format number in currency format
Ctrl + Shift + # Format number in date format
Ctrl + Shift + % Format number in percentage format
Ctrl + Shift + ^ Format number in scientific format
Ctrl + Shift + @ Format number in time format
Ctrl + g Move to next section of text
Ctrl + Space Select entire column
Shift + Space Select entire row
Ctrl + W Close document